The exponential growth of mobile data consumption poses a significant challenge to telecommunications service providers worldwide. With limited licensed spectrum available, telecom service providers are grappling with network congestion and slower data speeds that can result in a compromised user experience. The rapid growth of mobile data usage, projected to reach an average of 47 GB per smartphone monthly by 2028,1  has put immense pressure on existing spectrum resources. Moreover, the high costs associated with acquiring and maintaining licensed spectrum have placed a significant financial burden on telecom service providers as deploying traditional 4G base stations to expand network coverage is an expensive undertaking. Telecom service providers are in dire need of a cost-effective solution that alleviates network congestion, optimizes spectrum utilization, and enhances the overall user experience. Mobile data offloading2 offers an answer to these challenges.  

Mobile data offloading: a game-changing solution 

Mobile data offloading is a strategic approach that redirects data traffic from congested licensed spectrum to available unlicensed spectrum, such as Wi-Fi® networks. Mobile data offloading helps to combat three major obstacles:  

• Spectrum scarcity and cost: Licensed spectrum is a finite and expensive resource – especially in densely populated countries like India – and represents one of the most significant capital expenditures for telecom service providers. Mobile data offloading offers a clever workaround, enabling operators to serve more customers with their existing spectrum allocation. 
• Network congestion: As mobile data consumption skyrockets, cellular networks are increasingly strained, particularly in urban areas. Mobile data offloading provides a “pressure release valve” that allows operators to maintain service quality even during peak usage times. 
• Infrastructure costs: Expanding cellular network capacity through traditional means (such as deploying new base stations) is extremely costly. In contrast, setting up Wi-Fi hotspots for mobile data offloading is significantly more economical as the cost of a Wi-Fi hotspot is just a fraction of that of a 4G base station, small cell, or femtocell. 

The mechanics of mobile data offloading 

Mobile data offloading operates behind the scenes to give users a seamless connectivity experience. The process unfolds in several key stages: 

• Strategic network integration: In most cases, telecom operators deploy Wi-Fi Access Points3 (APs) throughout their network, strategically positioning them in high-traffic areas. These APs connect to the operator's core network via secure Ethernet over GRE (EoGRE) tunnels, creating a unified ecosystem of cellular and Wi-Fi connectivity. Telecom service providers may also leverage public hotspots operated by third-party infrastructure providers to offload users.  
• Intelligent user recognition and authentication: As a subscriber approaches a mobile data offloading hotspot, their device automatically detects the SSID of its cellular service provider. The device initiates a secure authentication process using the operator's Authentication, Authorization, and Accounting (AAA) server. This ensures that only authorized users can access the network, maintaining security without compromising convenience. 
• Dynamic network selection: Based on predefined key performance indicators (KPIs) such as signal strength, network load, and data speed requirements, the device dynamically determines whether to keep the user on the cellular network or transition them to Wi-Fi. This real-time decision-making process optimizes the user's connection based on current network conditions. 
• Uninterrupted service continuity: Perhaps most crucially, mobile data offloading ensures that ongoing user activities – including video streaming, voice calls, and data transfers – continue without interruption during the transition between networks. This seamless handover is critical for maintaining a high-quality user experience, occurring without any noticeable change or action required from the user. 

By integrating these elements, mobile data offload creates a fluid, efficient, and user-centric network environment that adapts to changing demands and conditions in real time. 

Impact on the telecom industry 

Mobile data offloading is rapidly becoming a cornerstone of network management strategies for telecom operators worldwide. This approach offers significant benefits in spectrum optimization and cost savings. By offloading up to 65% of the total traffic to Wi-Fi networks4, carriers can dramatically increase the efficiency of their licensed spectrum usage, allowing them to serve more customers without acquiring additional expensive spectrum licenses. The dual advantage of reduced spectrum costs and lower infrastructure deployment expenses makes mobile data offloading an attractive option for operators, particularly in competitive markets where profit margins are tight. 

Furthermore, mobile data offloading enhances customer experience through seamless handovers between cellular and Wi-Fi networks, ensuring consistent service quality even in traditionally congested areas. This leads to higher customer satisfaction and potentially reduced churn. The strategy also opens doors to innovative use cases and revenue streams, such as data monetization through partnerships, voucher selling for premium Wi-Fi access, and tiered service offerings based on connection type. These opportunities allow carriers to differentiate themselves in an increasingly commoditized market. Additionally, the data gathered from mobile data offloading operations provides valuable insights into user behavior and network performance, allowing operators to make informed decisions about future investments and optimizations. 

The future of mobile data offloading  

In the 4G-era, mobile data offloading offered a sustainable solution to the ever-increasing demand for mobile data by cleverly leveraging unlicensed spectrum and advanced Wi-Fi technologies. With 5G deployments gathering momentum across the globe, Wi-Fi offload will enable telecom service providers to address indoor coverage challenges, particularly with mid-band frequencies. This will allow telecom service providers to expand coverage, optimize spectrum usage, and explore new business models while delivering superior end-user experience. Emerging technologies like Wi-Fi 7, Open Roaming and AI-driven optimizations promise to further enhance Wi-Fi offload capabilities.  Click to learn more about HFCL's commitment to evolving technologies and seamless integration in the telecom industry. Click to learn more about HFCL's commitment to evolving technologies and seamless integration in the telecom industry. 

Footnotes: 

1. https://www.statista.com/statistics/738977/worldwide-monthly-data-traffic-per-smartphone/ 
2. https://io.hfcl.com/blog/what-is-wifi-offloading/ 
3. https://io.hfcl.com/casestudies/mobile-data-offload 
4. https://io.hfcl.com/products/access-points 

Today, we're back with our CEO Insights series. In this episode, Wi-Fi Alliance CEO Kevin Robinson and co-CEO and Founder of Airties Metin Taskin share their insights on what Wi-Fi 7 will bring for service providers, and how it will enable them to better serve their customers. Metin tells us about the roles of both standardization and open source from a service provider perspective, and the move away from monolithic designs. We discuss the trend around fixed wireless access, and Metin shares more about Airties' recent partnership with Qualcomm. Listen to this episode to learn more.

Airties Collaborates with Qualcomm to Accelerate 5G Fixed Wireless Adoption with Broadband Carriers: https://airties.com/2023/12/14/airties-collaborates-with-qualcomm-to-accelerate-5g-fixed-wireless-adoption-with-broadband-carriers/
Wi-Fi CERTIFIED 7™: https://www.wi-fi.org/discover-wi-fi/wi-fi-certified-7
For Wi-Fi Alliance: www.wi-fi.org
For Membership Info: https://www.wi-fi.org/membership
General Contact: https://www.wi-fi.org/contact-us

The evolution of new Wi-Fi® generations, such as Wi-Fi 6, and 5G technology combined with the demand for seamless and reliable broadband internet has created opportunities for multiple service operators (MSO), internet service providers (ISP), and mobile network operators (MNO) to offer converged data services to their customers.  Both 4G and 5G system architectures allow users to access services using either cellular or other non-3GPP access such as Wi-Fi. This synergy, called fixed mobile convergence (FMC), enables service providers to streamline their operations and ensure multi-access connectivity over wired or wireless networks. In addition, the 3GPP defined convergence architecture[1] for integrating Wi-Fi access into the 5G system enables operators to offer seamless connectivity over Wi-Fi and 5G for converged services over these access networks.

According to Cisco, by 2023 the total number of global internet connections is projected to grow to 5.3 billion, Wi-Fi speeds are expected to triple, and traffic will grow faster than the number of connections. As result, data consumption is increasing at a staggering pace, but surprisingly, internet service providers’ (ISPs’) average revenue per user (ARPU) is not. Due to competitive offerings from MNOs, multi-service operators (MSOs), and over the top (OTT) players, users have multiple choices, resulting in high customer churn and declining ARPU. In addition to providing traditional triple play services (video, internet, and telephony), ISPs and MSOs are under tremendous pressure to combine enhanced device capabilities, higher bandwidth, and more intelligent networks to enable new value-added services like video streaming, smart home systems, home security, managed Wi-Fi, and health monitoring, as well as the adoption of new applications such as XR and gaming, all while ensuring optimal utilization of resources for these services.

Today, MSOs and ISPs deliver these value-added services to their customers on wired access technologies like data over cable service interface specification (DOCSIS), extended gigabit passive optical network (XG-PON), and extended gigabit symmetrical passive optical network (XGS-PON). They are also considering FMC to help them offer existing and new services while optimizing overall cost. Their customer premises equipment (CPE) in homes and offices needs to deliver these services consistently over Wi-Fi, and one way to achieve this is by prioritizing service flows. With the convergence in wired, Wi-Fi, and mobile access technologies, the CPE should be capable of translating quality of service (QoS) treatments between wired and wireless access networks and between Wi-Fi and 5G access networks to provide a consistent and end-to-end QoS experience.

Wi-Fi Alliance recommends the use of QoS translation/mapping to provide consistent QoS treatment across wired, Wi-Fi, and 5G networks, and for the industry to adopt the features included in Wi-Fi CERTIFIED QoS Management™ to enable robust delivery of services with latency sensitive flows. The Internet Engineering Task Force (IETF) RFC 8325 defines a mapping between IETF’s differentiated service code point (DSCP) and IEEE 802.11’s user priority (UP), which is then mapped to Wi-Fi CERTIFIED Multimedia™ (WMM®) access categories to maintain consistent QoS between wired and IEEE 802.11 networks. DSCP mapping can also act as a bridge between Wi-Fi QoS and the 5G QoS identifier (5QI) scheme defined by 3GPP by defining a mapping between 5QI to DSCP. This 5QI to DSCP and the DSCP to UP mapping can be applicable to both FMC as well as Wi-Fi and 5G convergence deployment scenarios where traffic traverses wired, Wi-Fi, and 5G networks.